ffmpeg学习1

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前提

I帧:关键帧,帧内压缩,不使用运动补偿,不依赖其他库,可以独立解码

P帧:帧间编码方式,前向时间预测,可以包含帧内编码的部分,p帧的宏块可以是前向预测,也可以是帧内编码。依赖于前面的I帧或P帧

B帧:帧间编码方式,双向时间预测,大大提高压缩倍数。视频帧的传输顺序和显示顺序不同,依赖前面的P帧或I帧,依赖后面的P帧

图像组GOP:两个关键帧之间的距离,码率不变,GOP越大,P、B帧越多,图像质量越好

libavformat:媒体文件容器格式处理库,音视频混流处理MediaMuxer和音视频解析MediaDemuxer:需要用到该库进行码流文件解析和混流

libavcodec:编解码器库

libswresample:音频格式转换和重采样处理的库

libswscale:视频格式转换和缩放处理的库

libavfilter:音视频滤镜、特效处理的库

libavdevice:设备操作库

libavutil:Utility辅助函数库,提供一些独立的辅助函数功能

重点数据结构和基础

1、音视频数据帧AVFrame,表示未进行编码压缩的音视频数据

typedef struct AVFrame{
    ......
    // 视频帧图像数据 或者 音频帧PCM数据, 根据不同的格式有不同的存放方式
    // 对于视频帧:RGB/RGBA 格式时 data[0] 中一次存放每个像素的RGB/RGBA数据
    // YUV420 格式时 data[0]存放Y数据;  data[1]存放U数据; data[2]存放V数据
    // 对于音频帧: data[0]存放左声道数据;  data[1]存放右声道数据
    uint8_t *data[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
    
    // 行字节跨度, 相当于stride
    // 对于视频帧: 上下两行同一列像素相差的字节数,例如:对于RGBA通常是(width*4), 但是有时FFMPEG内部会有扩展, 可能会比这个值大
    // 对于音频帧: 单个通道中所有采样占用的字节数
    int linesize[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
    
    int format;// 视频帧是图像格式,音频帧是采样格式
    int64_t pts;// 当前数据帧的时间戳
    
    int width,height;// 仅用于视频帧,宽度高度
    int key_frame;// 仅用于视频,当前是否是I帧
    
    int sample_rate;// 音频,采样率
    uint64_t channel_layout;// 音频,通道类型
    int nb_samples;// 音频,样本数量
}AVFrame;

常用的操作函数

AVFrame *av_frame_alloc(void);  // 分配一个数据帧结构

AVFrame *av_frame_clone(const AVFrame *src); // 完整的克隆数据帧结构, 包括其内部数据

void av_frame_free(AVFrame **frame);  // 释放数据帧结构及其内部数据

int av_frame_ref(AVFrame *dst, const AVFrame *src);  // 增加引用计数

void av_frame_unref(AVFrame *frame);  // 减少引用计数

2、音视频数据包AVPacket,表示压缩后的音视频数据

typedef struct AVPacket{
    ......
    int64_t pts;// 显示时间戳
    int64_t dts;// 解码时间戳,对于音频来说,通常与pts相同
    uint8_t *data;// 实际压缩后的视频或者音频数据
    int size;// 压缩后的数据大小
    int stream_index;// 流索引值,在媒体文件中,使用0,1来区分音视频流
    int flags;
    
    int64_t duration;// 渲染显示时长
    int64_t pos;// 当前包在流中的位置,-1表示未知
    ......
}AVPacket;

常用的操作函数

AVPacket *av_packet_alloc(void);  // 分配一个数据包结构体

AVPacket *av_packet_clone(const AVPacket *src);  // 完整赋值一个数据包

void av_packet_free(AVPacket **pkt);  // 释放数据包结构及其内部的数据

void av_init_packet(AVPacket *pkt);   // 初始化数据包结构,可选字段都设置为默认值

int av_new_packet(AVPacket *pkt, int size); // 根据指定大小创建包结构中的数据

3、时间基和时间戳

时间基time_base:时间刻度的概念

eg:time_base = 1/200,相当于将1000ms均分为200份,每个时间单位是5ms,当视频帧的pts=1173时,对应的实际时刻点是1173*5=5865ms

媒体文件解析分流

文件处理:1、音频流 2、视频流

流媒体文件相关的API:libavformat库中的函数

1、avformat_open_input()/avformat_close_input()

2、avformat_seek_file()——暂时不推荐使用

3、av_read_frame()

解码器相关API:libavcodec库中的函数

1、avcodec_alloc_context3()/avcodec_free_context()

2、avcodec_parameters_to_context()

3、avcodec_open2()/avcodec_close()

4、avcodec_send_packet()/avcodec_receive_frame()

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